Invarianza factorial de dos versiones breves de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa / Factorial Invariance of two Short Versions of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Arequipa University Students

Resumen La resiliencia es una característica individual que posibilita el reajuste biopsicosocial y espiritual que ayuda al bienestar psicológico y al desenvolvimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la invarianza de medición según el sexo, de dos versiones breves de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC) y determinar si existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Se evaluó con la CD-RISC-10, que incluye la CD-RISC-7, a una muestra de 491 universitarios arequipeños (312 mujeres; 179 hombres) con edad promedio de 20.56 años (DE = 3.18), de una institución privada. Inicialmente se realizó un análisis factorial multigrupo con cada versión para valorar el grado de invarianza de medición alcanzado, y luego de ello se compararon las medias latentes de resiliencia entre hombres y mujeres. En cuanto a los resultados, la CD-RISC-7 presentó indicadores estructurales más favorables (e.g., λ > .50; en mujeres: CFI = .981, RMSEA = .087, WRMR = 0.683; en hombres: CFI = .966, RMSEA = .124, WRMR = 0.783), que la CD-RISC-10 (e.g., λ < .50, índices de ajuste en mujeres: CFI = .974, RMSEA = .073, WRMR = 0.774; en hombres: CFI = .960, RMSEA = .095, WRMR = 0.803) incluyendo la invarianza de medición (invarianza estricta: ΔCFI = .003; ARMSEA = .001), y al comparar las medias latentes fueron halladas diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres (d = .471). Finalmente, se discuten las implicancias teóricas y metodológicas de los hallazgos, así como la necesidad de ampliar los estudios considerando otros aspectos relevantes para una mejor comprensión del constructo resiliencia.

Abstract Resilience is an individual trait that enables biopsychosocial and spiritual readjustment, helping the psychological well-being and academic performance of university students. The objective of this research was to analyze the measurement invariance by sex of two short versions of the Connor - Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and to determine if there are differences between men and women. A sample of 491 Arequipa university students (63.5% women), with an average age of 20.56 years-old (SD = 3.18), from a private institution in Arequipa-Peru was evaluated with the CD-RISC-10, which includes the CD-RISC-7. First, a multi-group factor analysis was carried out with each version to assess the degree of measurement invariance achieved, and then the latent means of resilience between men and women were compared. Regarding the results, the cD-Risc-7 presented more favorable structural indicators (e.g., λ > .50; in women: CFI= .981, RMSEA= .087, WRMR = 0.683; in men: CFI= .966, RMSEA= .124, WRMR= 0.783), than THE CD-RISC-10 (e.g., λ < .50, fit indices in women: CFI = .974, RMSEA = .073, WRMR = 0.774; in men: CFI = .960, RMSEA = .095, WRMR = 0.803), including measurement invariance (strict invariance: ΔCFI= .003; ARMSEA = .001), and when comparing latent means, significant differences in favor of men were found (d = .471). Finally, the theoretical and methodological implications of the findings are discussed, as well as the need to extend the studies considering other relevant aspects for a better understanding of the resilience construct.

Reliability and validity of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale(ULS-6)for application in adults / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the psychometric properties and applicability of the 6-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in adults.@*METHODS@#We conducted 2 surveys to assess the validity of different measurement scales and questionnaires. In Survey 1, a total of 1480 adults were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the data were used for item analysis and assessment of the reliability, validity and measurement invariance. In Survey 2, UCLA Loneliness Scale was used for measurement in 652 college students, and the data were used for analysis of the criterion validity of ULS-6; 3 weeks later, 300 of the students were retested using ULS-6 to assess the retest reliability of the scale.@*RESULTS@#Item analysis suggested that the items in ULS-6 all had good discrimination power with discrimination indexes all above 0.775 (r=0.775-0.820, P < 0.001). Measuring only one dimension, ULS-6 had an internal consistency reliability of 0.891, a split-half reliability of 0.875, and a retest reliability of 0.726. The correlation coefficients of ULS-6 with ULS, ULS-8, PHQ-9 and PSSS were 0.882, 0.967, 0.528 and -0.532, respectively. The measurement invariances of ULS-6 across genders and age groups were all acceptable. Among the adult participants, the mean total score of ULS-6 was 12.97 ± 3.96; While only 20% of the adults had no loneliness, 80% of them exhibited varying degrees of loneliness, ranging from mild (39.6%) and moderate (25.7%) to intense (14.7%) feelings of loneliness.@*CONCLUSION@#The ULS-6 has good reliability, validity and applicability for measurement of loneliness in Chinese adults.

Prosocial Tendencies Measure Validation for Portuguese Late Adolescents

O Questionário de Tendências Prossociais (MTP) de Carlo e Randall (2002) é amplamente usado para avaliar tendências prossociais. Partindo do pressuposto de que existem diferenças no comportamento pró-social entre adolescentes e adultos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo validar a versão em português do MTP com uma amostra de adolescentes. Este instrumento avalia seis tipos diferentes de tendências prossociais: altruísta, anónima, emergência, emocional, complacente e pública. Desenhado para confirmar esta estrutura fatorial do MTP com adolescentes portugueses, este estudo recolheu as perceções de um total de 1313 adolescentes a frequentar o ensino secundário. A análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou a estrutura de seis fatores da validação original. Além disso, considerando o ano escolar e o género dos alunos, a análise de invariância foi executada e atestou a invariância configural, métrica (parcialmente para género) e escalar (parcialmente para ano escolar e género) do MTP. Estes resultados demonstram ainda que a versão portuguesa MTP é confiável, aumentando a utilidade deste instrumento para avaliar comportamentos prossociais na adolescência.

The Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM; Carlo & Randall, 2002) is widely used for assessing prosocial tendencies. Assuming that there are differences in prosocial behavior between adolescents and adults, the current study aimed to further validate the Portuguese version of the PTM for adolescents. This instrument assesses six different types of prosocial tendencies ­ altruism, anonymous, dire, emotional, compliant and public. Designed to confirm this structure with Portuguese adolescents, this study collected a total of 1313 high school students' prosocial behaviors perceptions. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the six-factor structure of the original validation. Furthermore, considering the students' school year and gender, invariance analysis was executed and attested the PTM's configural, metric (partially for gender) and scalar (partially for school year and gender) invariance. These findings further demonstrate that the Portuguese version of the PTM is reliable, enhancing the utility of this instrument to assess prosocial behaviors in adolescence.

Validez de la Estructura Interna del Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) en trabajadores peruanos / Internal structure validity of Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) in Peruvian workers

Resumen El Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), medida de engagement laboral, ha tenido controversias respecto a la interpretación de su dimensionalidad, es decir, si sus puntajes pueden ser unidimensionales, multidimensionales o de dos niveles (unidimensional y multidimensional). El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo examinar la estructura interna (dimensionalidad, invarianza de medición y confiabilidad) del UWES (dos versiones: larga y breve) en una muestra de 636 trabajadores peruanos. Se aplicó el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para la evaluación de tres modelos de dimensionalidad: un solo factor (unidimensionalidad), tres factores relacionados (multidimensionalidad) y bifactor (dos niveles de interpretación: factor general y factores específicos). Los resultados indican que, luego de aplicar el modelamiento bifactor, la varianza común obtenida de un factor general es más fuerte que la interpretación de tres dimensiones. Este resultado se repitió en ambas versiones del UWES (larga y breve). La invarianza de medición fue satisfactoria en el nivel configuracional, métrica y escalar (en ambas versiones). Con respecto a la consistencia interna, se obtuvieron coeficientes satisfactorios (mayores a .70). Se concluye que el modelo de tres dimensiones del UWES para obtener los puntajes debe ser reemplazado por un modelo unidimensional, representado con un puntaje total. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas.

Abstract The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), a measure of work engagement, has had controversies regarding the interpretation of its dimensionality, that is, whether its scores can be one-dimensional, multidimensional or two-level (one-dimensional and multidimensional). The dimensionality of the UWES has been questioned mainly due to the high covariation between its components, an aspect consistently verified in the observed scores and latent variables (De Bruin y Henn 2013), even by the same authors (Schaufeli et al., 2006). This has two implications, one operational and one conceptual. In the operational context, the calculation of scores is also influenced by the statistical differentiation of the factors found in the factor analyzes. This means that if one or more factors are retained and justified, this also determines the same number of observed scores that can be calculated and interpreted. On the other hand, the conceptual implication is that the comprehensive framework of a three-dimensional psychological phenomenon differs from the one-dimensional. For example, the differentiation between dimensions generates the possibility of different trends between dimensions (e. g., one of three is high and the other low) and in this case, the concept of engagement becomes very generic and ambiguous to name and understand the different possibilities. Specific combination of its dimensions or jeopardizes its content validity, implying the need for other more specific concepts, which although related to engagement, can be independent. The objective of the present study was to examine the internal structure (dimensionality, measurement invariance and reliability) of the UWES (two versions: long and short) in a sample of 636 Peruvian workers. Structural equation modeling was applied to evaluate three dimensionality models: a single factor (one-dimensionality), three related factors (multidimensionality) and bifactor (two levels of interpretation: general factor and specific factors). The results indicate that, after applying bifactor modeling, the common variance obtained from a general factor is stronger than the three-dimensional interpretation. This result was repeated in both versions of the UWES (long and short). The measurement invariance was satisfactory at the configurational, metric and scalar levels (in both versions). Regarding internal consistency, satisfactory coefficients (greater than .70) were obtained. Three issues emerge from this study that modify the original theoretical interpretation of the UWES (which consists of using three related factors). The first is the existence of a general factor underlying the items, and which is statistically substantial as a source of variance of the items, independent of specific factors. In this general factor, the items generally contribute to their variance, except for two items whose discriminative capacity is moderately low (11 and 13, both of the specific factor Absorption). The main element of this general factor is the Dedication factor, whose items completely represented this general factor. Second, the differentiation of two specific factors corresponding to Vigor and Absorption does not appear to be psychometrically sufficient to describe nested constructs within the engagement construct, and therefore its independent interpretation of the general factor could be questioned. However, a contrary argument is that both factors show different amount of specific variance, although low compared to the general factor; for example, Absorption shows more divergent validity compared to Vigor, while the latter contains more common variance (general factor). Third, Dedication was completely absorbed by the general factor, and is only relevant insofar as its items are completely related to the general factor. Therefore, this component lost statistical autonomy and, consequently, very poor conceptual differentiation. It is concluded that the UWES - three-dimensional model to obtain the scores must be replaced by a one-dimensional model, represented with a total score. Implications are future research are discussed.

Cross-cultural measurement invariance in the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Chilean and Spanish university students / Invarianza de medida transcultural en la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España

Abstract Introduction: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used measure of an individuals' cognitive assessment of subjective well-being. The SWLS has been validated in several contexts and populations, but its cross-cultural measurement invariance in emerging adult samples remains barely explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement invariance of the SWLS in university students from Chile and Spain and according to gender. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 165 university students from Chile (66.7% women, Mage = 21.9, SD = 2.35), and 109 students from Spain (48.6% women; Mage = 22.9, SD = 2.4) completed the SWLS. Results: Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, results showed that the SWLS exhibited configural, metric and scalar invariance in the comparison between the Chilean and Spanish student samples and also according to gender. Conclusions: This finding allows for significant latent mean comparisons between cross-cultural samples. Moreover, this study supports the SWLS as a valid instrument which provides data that can inform policies in order to improve the subjective well-being of university students of both genders, both in developed and developing Spanish-speaking countries.

Resumen Introducción: La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para la evaluación cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo de los individuos. La SWLS ha sido validada en numerosos contextos y poblaciones, pero la invarianza de medida a nivel transcultural en adultos emergentes ha sido poco explorada. El propósito de este artículo fue evaluar la invarianza de medida de la SWLS en estudiantes universitarios de Chile y España y según género. Método: Una muestra no probabilística de 165 estudiantes universitarios de Chile (66.7% mujeres, edad promedio = 21.9, DE = 2.35) y 109 estudiantes de España (48.6% mujeres, edad promedio = 22.9, DE = 2.4) completaron la SWLS. Resultados: Por medio de un análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo, los resultados mostraron que la SWLS exhibió invarianza configural, métrica y escalar en la comparación entre las muestras de estudiantes chilenos y españoles y según género. Conclusión: Este hallazgo muestra que la SWLS permite comparaciones significativas de medias latentes entre muestras transculturales universitarias. Además, este estudio aporta evidencia de la SWLS como un instrumento válido que puede guiar la creación de políticas para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los estudiantes universitarios de ambos géneros, tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo de habla hispana.

Gender invariance and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)

Abstract Introduction Emotion regulation refers to use of strategies to change or suppress a response to an affective experience and is an important component of an individual's subjective wellbeing. Difficulties properly regulating emotions are related to psychopathological processes. Objective This study assessed the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); the invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender; and its convergent validity with other scales measuring affective processes. Method A total of 813 adults (73.7% women), aged between 18 and 64 years and with a high educational level used an electronic platform to complete the ERQ, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), the Affect Scale (AS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the adapted version of the ERQ were investigated. Results Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) revealed adequate goodness of fit for the ERQ's two-factor model (cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression), providing evidence of invariance of its psychometric parameters as a function of gender. Correlations between the ERQ's factors and measures of affect and emotional dysregulation presented positive indicators, with significant associations between emotion regulation and affective experiences depending on gender. Conclusion The ERQ presents good psychometric indicators for use with the Brazilian population.

Estructura interna e invarianza de medición del Children's Hassles Scale en adolescentes / Internal structure and measurement invariance of the Children's Hassles Scale in adolescents

Resumen Antecedentes: Los estresores cotidianos son eventos de bajo impacto emocional pero con alta probabilidad de ocurrencia, y en la adolescencia pueden provenir de la escuela, amigos y la familia; por ello es necesario contar con instrumentos para su evaluación. Objetivo: Identificar las evidencias de validez de la estructura interna e invarianza de medición del Children's Hassles Scale en adolescentes de Lima, Perú. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por 524 adolescentes entre los 14 y 18 años. La estructura interna se evaluó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio y la invarianza de medición mediante un procedimiento en que se agregan restricciones progresivamente, finalmente, la confiabilidad se obtuvo con el coeficiente omega. Resultados: La estructura factorial original no se replica en la muestra peruana, por el contrario, una estructura parsimoniosa de dos factores oblicuos orientados a factores estresantes en el colegio y la familia es la que presenta indicadores robustos e invarianza de medición entre varones y mujeres. Conclusión: Se puede utilizar el instrumento para fines de investigación en el contexto peruano, el cual carece de instrumentos para la medición de estresores cotidianos en adolescentes.

Abstract Background: Daily stressors are events of low emotional impact but with high probability of occurrence, which in adolescence can come from school, friends and family. Therefore, it is necessary to have instruments for their evaluation. Aim: To determine the validity of the internal structure and measurement invariance of the Children's Hassles Scale in adolescents from Lima, Peru. Method: The sample consisted of 524 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. The internal structure was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis, and the measurement invariance was assessed using a procedure in which restrictions were added progressively. Finally, reliability was obtained through coefficient omega. Results: The original factor structure is not replicated in the Peruvian sample. On the contrary, a parsimonious structure of two oblique factors oriented to stressors in school and family presents robust indicators and measurement invariance among males and females. Conclusion: The instrument can be used for research purposes in the Peruvian setting, which lacks instruments for measuring daily stressors in adolescents.

Life Satisfaction among Indigenous People from Chile: Evaluation of Measurement Invariance / Satisfacción con la vida en indígenas de Chile: evaluación de la Invarianza de Medida

Abstract Although the Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS) has been used to establish comparisons among nations/cultures, the measurement invariance of this scale has not always been demonstrated. The forced acculturative experience of indigenous minorities and its differentiation of gender roles could impact how people respond to this scale. The purpose of this study was to examine the measurement invariance of the SWLS when it is applied to a Chilean indigenous group, considering gender and their most frequent acculturative types (i.e., acculturated and bicultural). Eight hundred adults of Mapuche origin answered a Spanish version of the SWLS and the Mapuche Acculturation Scale. The results supported the SWLS strict invariance between acculturated and bicultural and also between acculturated men and women. Partial strict invariance was found between bicultural men and women; specifically, the residual variance of Item 3 was higher in women than in men. Since Spanish is a gendered language, a linguistic explanation is proposed for the non-invariance of this item. The importance of careful wording of the items, when administered in multilanguage acculturation contexts, is discussed.

Resumen Aunque la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) se ha usado para comparar personas de distintas naciones/culturas, no siempre su invarianza de medición ha sido demostrada. La aculturación forzada de las minorías indígenas y sus particulares roles de género podrían afectar las respuestas de esas personas a esta escala. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo examinar la invarianza de la SWLS en un grupo indígena chileno, considerando el género y los tipos aculturativos más frecuentes (i.e., aculturados y biculturales). Ochocientos adultos mapuches respondieron, en castellano, la SWLS y la Escala de Aculturación Mapuche. Se encontró apoyo para invarianza estricta entre aculturados y biculturales y, además, entre hombres y mujeres aculturados. Se encontró invarianza estricta parcial entre hombres y mujeres biculturales; específicamente, la varianza residual del ítem 3 fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Siendo el castellano un idioma con distinción de géneros, se propuso una explicación lingüística para la falta de invarianza de ese ítem. Se discute la importancia de redactar cuidadosamente los ítems cuando son administrados en contextos aculturativos multilingües.

Invarianza de Medición y Estructural de la Escala Básica de Empatía Breve (BES-B) en Niños y Adolescentes Peruanos / Measurement and Structural Invariance of the Brief Basic Empathy Scale (BES-B) in Peruvian Children and Adolescents / Invariância de Medição e Estrutural da Escala Básica de Empatia Breve (BES-B) em Crianças e Adolescentes Peruanos

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la invarianza de medición y la invarianza estructural de una medida de empatía, para niños y adolescentes peruanos. Los participantes fueron 417, provenientes de Lima Metropolitana. Se aplicó la Escala Básica de Empatía Breve (BES-B) de manera estandarizada. El análisis consistió en aplicar el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales para evaluar la invarianza de medición y las medias latentes en los constructos de empatía afectiva y cognitiva. Los resultados muestran que la invarianza de medición se mantiene satisfactoriamente de acuerdo al género y la edad; las diferencias en las medias latentes muestran ser entre fuertes o moderadas respecto a la edad y el sexo. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the measurement and structural invariance of an empathy scale in Peruvian children and adolescents. 417 participants from Metropolitan Lima took part in the study. The Brief Basic Empathy Scale (BES-B) was applied in a standardized manner. Structural equations modeling was applied in the analysis in order to assess measurement invariance and latent means in affective and cognitive empathy. Results show that measurement invariance is maintained according to sex and age; the differences in the latent means are either strong or moderate with respect to age and sex. The article discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a invariância de medição e a invariância estrutural de uma medida de empatia para crianças e adolescentes peruanos. A amostra esteve conformada por 417 participantes, provenientes de Lima Metropolitana. Foi aplicada a Escala Básica de Empatia Breve (BES-B) de maneira padronizada. A análise consistiu em aplicar o modelamento de equações estruturais para avaliar a invariância de medição e as médias latentes nos construtos de empatia afetiva e cognitiva. Os resultados mostram que a invariância de medição se mantém satisfatoriamente de acordo com o gênero e com a idade; as diferenças nas médias latentes mostram ser entre fortes ou moderadas a respeito da idade e do sexo. Finalmente, são discutidas as implicações teóricas e práticas.

Estimación de la magnitud del efecto en invarianza de medición / Estimation of effect size in measurement invariance / Avaliação do tamanho do efeito na invariância de medida

Este trabajo presenta un programa en MS Excel® para evaluar la magnitud del efecto (ES, por las siglas en inglés) en invarianza de medición de diferentes parámetros como las cargas factoriales, interceptos/thresholds y residuales, con base en estadísticos estandarizados ya conocidos. El funcionamiento del programa y la interpretación de las medidas de ES se ejemplificaron con datos empíricos.

This paper presents a MS Excel® program for estimating effect size (ES) in the measurement invariance of different item parameters, such as the factor loadings, intercepts/thresholds and residuals, based in well-known standardized statistics. Examples with real data are provided for the functioning of the program and the interpretation of the ES measures.

Este artigo apresenta um programa no MS Excel® para avaliar o tamanho do efeito (ES, pela sigla em inglês) na invariância de medida de diferentes parâmetros dos itens, como cargas fatoriais, interceptos/thresholds e resíduos, com base em estatísticas padronizadas bem conhecidas. O funcionamento do programa e interpretação das medidas de ES é exemplificado com dados empíricos.

Validity of the Satisfaction with Life Scale in Colombia and factorial equivalence with Spanish data / Validez de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en Colombia y equivalencia factorial con datos españoles

Abstract The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used, 5-item, 7-point Likert-type scale that measures life satisfaction. The current study aims to explore the validity of the SWLS in Colombia and its factorial equivalence with Spanish samples. The SWLS was administered to a total of 1,587 Colombian participants, including a sample of undergraduates, a sample from the general population, and a clinical sample. The internal consistency across the different samples was good (overall alpha of .89). The one-factor model found in the original scale showed a very good fit in the overall Colombian sample (RMSEA = .052, 90% CI [.034, .073]; CFI = .99; NNFI = .99). SWLS scores are significantly related to measures of valued living, emotional symptoms, negative thoughts, experiential avoidance, and cognitive fusion. The clinical sample's mean score on the SWLS was significantly lower than the scores of the nonclinical samples. Three additional Spanish samples (N = 1057) were obtained to analyze the factorial equivalence of the SWLS in Colombia and Spain. Metric and scalar invariance were observed between countries and between Colombian males and females. In conclusion, the SWLS showed good psychometric properties in Colombia and factorial equivalence with Spanish samples.

Resumen La Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es una escala ampliamente utilizada para medir satisfacción vital. Consta de 5 ítems que se responden en una escala tipo Likert de 7 puntos. El objetivo de este artículo es explorar la validez del SWLS en Colombia y la equivalencia factorial con muestras españolas. Se administró el SWLS a 1587 participantes colombianos, incluyendo una muestra de universitarios, una de población general y una muestra clínica. La consistencia interna a través de muestras fue buena (alfa global de .89). El modelo unifactorial encontrado en la escala original mostró muy buen ajuste en las muestras colombianas (RMSEA = .052, 90% CI [.034, .073]; CFI = .99; NNFI = .99). Las puntuaciones del SWLS estuvieron relacionadas significativamente con medidas de vida valiosa, síntomas emocionales, pensamientos negativos, evitación experiencial y fusión cognitiva. La puntuación promedio de la muestra clínica fue significativamente menor que las de las muestras no clínicas. Se obtuvieron tres muestras españolas (N = 1057) para analizar la equivalencia factorial del SWLS en Colombia y España. Se observó invarianza métrica y escalar entre países y entre género en Colombia. En conclusión, la SWLS mostró buenas propiedades psicométricas en Colombia y equivalencia factorial con muestras españolas.

Invarianza factorial del Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale entre hombres y mujeres colombianos / Factorial invariance of the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale among Colombian male and female

Resumen Introducción: La Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale (LSHS) es una de las pruebas más utilizadas en el estudio de las alucinaciones. Su estructura factorial ha sido descrita en diversas culturas, tanto en población general como población clínica. No obstante, pocos estudios han aportado evidencia de la equivalencia factorial con relación al sexo de los evaluados. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis de invarianza de medición y estructural de la LSHS-R en una muestra incidental de hombres y mujeres de población general colombiana. Método: Estudio instrumental en el cual participaron 350 habitantes de la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia), en su mayoría mujeres (64,3%), de edad promedio 28,62 años. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos de los ítems antes de realizar el análisis de invarianza de medición e invarianza estructural entre las muestras de hombres y mujeres. Resultados: El modelo de dos dimensiones reportado previamente en población colombiana presentaba los mejores índices de ajuste empírico para hombres y mujeres. Posteriormente, fue obtenida evidencia de invarianza configuracional, métrica y fuerte (invarianza de medición), además de igualdad de covarianzas y medias latentes (invarianza estructural) entre hombres y mujeres. Por otro lado, la LSHS-R presenta índices de confiabilidad aceptables. Conclusiones: La estructura de dos dimensiones de la LSHS-R así como la relación entre factores son estadísticamente equivalentes entre hombres y mujeres.

Introduction: The Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale (LSHS) is one of the most used tests in the hallucinations study. Its factorial structure has been described in different cultures, in the general and the clinical population. However, few studies have provided evidence of factorial equivalence regarding the sex. The aim of this investigation was to perform a measurement and structural invariance analysis of LSHS-R in an incidental sample of men and women of Colombian general population. Method: This instrumental study involving 350 inhabitants of the city of Medellín (Colombia), mostly women (64.3%), with an average age of 28.62 years. Descriptive analyzes of the items were performed before performing the analysis of invariance of measurement and structural invariance between the samples of men and women. Results: The previously reported two-dimensional model in the Colombian population, presented the best empirical adjustment indexes for men and women. Later, was obtained evidence of configurational, metric and strong invariance (measurement invariance), as well as equality of covariances and latent means (structural invariance), between men and women. On the other hand, the LSHS-R has acceptable reliability indexes. Conclusions: The two-dimensional structure of LSHS-R as well as the relationship between factors are statistically equivalent between men and women.

Adaptación y validez de la Escala de Personalidad Tipo D (DS-14) en una muestra mexicana / Adaptation and validity of the Type D Personality Scale (DS-14) in a Mexican sample

El objetivo del presente trabajo consistió en explorar las propiedades psicométricas de una adaptación al castellano del Cuestionario de Personalidad Tipo D (DS-14) en una muestra mexicana (n = 702). Se evaluó la escala mediante un enfoque no paramétrico basado en el escalamiento Mokken y se aplicó el análisis factorial confirmatorio por el método de estimación de mínimos cuadrados ponderados con media y varianza ajustada (WLSMV), consistencia interna con coeficiente omega (ω), invarianza de medición por género, y validez convergente con medidas de salud mental (MBI = burnout, GHQ = depresión, trastornos de sueño, disfunción social y síntomas somáticos), parcializando los efectos de estresores laborales (JCQ = demandas y control laboral). Los resultados evidenciaron correlaciones parciales de bajas a moderadas de los ítems DS-14 con los puntajes de salud mental, así como índices de confiabilidad aceptables (ω = .62 - .86). Se halló invarianza de medición entre hombres y mujeres, y la estructura bifactorial original mostró índices de ajuste satisfactorios (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05). Adicionalmente, se vislumbró la viabilidad de una estructura unidimensional, en particular para una versión de 9 ítems (CFI = .99, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .04), la cual necesita estudios adicionales de replicabilidad. Se concluye que la escala DS-14 produce puntajes válidos y confiables, y se discuten estos hallazgos y sus implicaciones para la investigación futura.

The goal of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Type D Personality Scale (DS-14) in a sample of Mexican participants (n = 702). The scale was evaluated through a non-parametric approach based on Mokken scaling. Moreover, confirmatory factor analyses were performed using the weighted least squares mean and variance (WLSMV) method, internal consistency estimation with omega coefficient (ω), measurement invariance by gender, and convergent validity with mental health measures (MBI = burnout, GHQ = depression, sleep disorders, social dysfunction, and somatic symptoms), and controlling job stressors (JCQ = job demands and job control). The results showed low to moderate partial correlations in DS-14 items concerning the mental health scores, and acceptable reliability rates (ω = .62 - .86). Measurement invariance between men and women was found, and the original two-factor structure showed satisfactory adjustment indices (CFI = .97, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .05). Furthermore, the viability of a one-dimensional structure, which needs future replicability studies, was glimpsed particularly in the 9-item version (CFI = .99, RMSEA = .04, SRMR = .04). It is concluded that the DS-14 scale generates valid and reliable scores, and these findings and implications are discussed for further research.

Work-family interference and work-family facilitation: a study of measurement invariance between genders / Interferência trabalho-família e facilitação trabalho-família: estudo da invariância da medida entre sexos / Interferencias trabajo-familia y la facilitación del trabajo y la familia: estudio de la invariancia de la medida entre los sexos

Work-family relationship is a subject of great interest for research, and studies have shown differences between genders. The aim of this study was to analyze measurement invariance between men and women, with reference to Work-Family interference among teachers. The W-F Scale (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) was applied to a sample of 610 Portuguese higher education teachers. Dimensionality was tested by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The structure of the proposed theoretical model was well adjusted to the multi-group sample. Chi-square test was used to perform measurement invariance testing. Impact factors of the W-F Tension on Work and of W-F Tension on Family were invariant among teachers, indicating independence with regard to gender. Measurements for the remaining factors (Work Interference with Family, Family Interference with Work, Work as Family Life Facilitator, and Family as Work Facilitator) varied between men and women.

A relação trabalho-família é uma temática com grande interesse para a investigação, cujos estudos têm revelado diferenças entre sexos. Pretendeu-se analisar a invariância da medida entre os sexos masculino e feminino relativamente à interferência Trabalho-Família em docentes. A Escala T-F (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) foi aplicada a 610 docentes do ensino superior português. Estudou-se a sua dimensionalidade por meio de análises fatoriais exploratória e confirmatória. A estrutura do modelo teórico proposto mostrou-se bem ajustada na amostra de multigrupos. A invariância da medida foi testada com o teste de Qui-quadrado. Os fatores Impacto da Tensão T-F no Trabalho e Impacto da Tensão T-F na Família foram invariantes entre docentes, indicando uma independência face ao sexo. As medidas para os restantes fatores (interferência do trabalho com a família, interferência da família com o trabalho, trabalho como facilitador da família e família como facilitadora do trabalho) variaram entre os sexos.

La relación trabajo-familia es una temática de interés para la investigación, y estudios han evidenciado diferencias entre sexos. Se analizó la invarianza de la medida entre hombres y mujeres relativamente a la interferencia Trabajo-Familia en docentes. La escala T-F (Carvalho & Andrade, 2012) fue aplicada a 610 docentes portugueses de educación superior. Se estudió la dimensionalidad mediante análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio. La estructura del modelo teórico propuesto se ajusta a la muestra de multigrupos. La invarianza de la medida fue testeada con la prueba Chi-cuadrado. Los factores Impacto de la Tensión T-F en el Trabajo e Impacto de la Tensión T-F en la familia fueron invariantes entre los docentes con respecto al sexo. Las medidas para los restantes factores (Interferencia del trabajo en la Familia, Interferencia de la Familia en el Trabajo, el Trabajo como Facilitador de la Familia, y la Familia como Facilitadora del Trabajo) varían entre sexos.

Psychological Capital Questionnaire - short version (PCQ-12): evidence of validity of the Brazilian version / Questionário de Capital Psicológico - versão reduzida (QCP-12): evidências de validade da versão brasileira / Cuestionário de Capital Psicológico - versión reducida (CCP-12): evidencias de validez de la versión brasileña

This study aimed to show evidence of validity for the Brazilian short version (12 items) of the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12). Three independent samples participated in the study, totaling 1771 subjects (64.3% women, 32.9% men and 2.9% undeclared), aged 18-79 years (M = 38.59, SD = 12.98). Confirmatory factor analyses showed acceptable adjustment indices for the four-factor structure (self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism) and for a second-order structure with a general factor of psychological capital explaining the four primary factors. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses found configural, metric and scalar invariance of the measure for the different samples as well as for men and women. Finally, convergent validity analyses found a positive and moderate correlation of PCQ-12 with satisfaction with life and subjective happiness, as well as a negative and moderate correlation with perceived stress and depression. (AU)

Esse estudo tem por objetivo apresentar evidências de validade para a versão brasileira reduzida (12 itens) do Questionário de Capital Psicológico (QCP-12). Participaram do estudo três amostras independentes, totalizando 1771 sujeitos (64,3% mulheres, 32,9% homens, e 2,9% não declarados), com idades entre 18 a 79 anos (M = 38,59; DP = 12,98). Análises fatoriais confirmatórias apresentaram índices de ajuste aceitáveis para a estrutura de quatro fatores (autoeficácia, esperança, resiliência e otimismo) correlacionados e para uma estrutura de segunda ordem, com um fator geral de capital psicológico explicando os quatro fatores de primeira ordem. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias multigrupo encontraram invariância configural, métrica e escalar da medida para as diferentes amostras bem como para homens e mulheres. Por fim, análises de validade convergente encontraram correlação positiva e moderada do QCP-12 com a satisfação com a vida e a felicidade subjetiva, e negativa e moderada com o estresse percebido e a depressão. (AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar evidencias de validez de la versión brasileña reducida (12 ítems) del Cuestionario de Capital Psicológico (CCP-12). El estudio incluyó tres muestras independientes, con un total de 1771 individuos (64,3% mujeres, 32,9% hombres y 2,9% no declarados), con edades entre 18 a 79 años (M = 38,59, SD = 12,98). El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró índices de ajuste aceptable para estructura de cuatro factores correlacionados (autoeficacia, esperanza, resiliencia y optimismo) y para una estructura de segundo orden con un factor general de capital psicológico que explica los cuatro factores de primer orden. Análisis factorial confirmatorio multigrupo encontró invariancia configural, métrica y escalar de la medida para las diferentes muestras, tanto para hombres como mujeres. Por fin, análisis de validez convergente encontraron correlación positiva y moderada de CCP-12 de satisfacción con la vida y felicidad subjetiva, y correlación negativa y moderada con el estrés percibido y la depresión. (AU)

Homework self-regulation strategies: a gender and educational-level invariance analysis

Abstract This study investigates the measurement invariance as a function of gender and educational level of the Homework Behavior Questionnaire (Ktpc), an instrument developed to assess students' homework self-regulation strategies. A sample of 1400 elementary and middle school students was used. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the theoretical model composed of three dimensions: planning, execution and evaluation of the homework completion. The results also provided evidence for the existence of metric invariance and partial scalar measurement invariance across boys and girls and across the elementary school and the middle school students. The reliability of the scores in the three dimensions was high. Girls obtained higher scores than boys in planning, execution and evaluation. Middle school students had lower scores in planning compared to the elementary school students. These findings are discussed, and their implications for practice are highlighted. (AU)

Validación de la Escala de Identidad étnica Multigrupo- Revisada en adolescentes inmigrantes y autóctonos residentes en España / Validation of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised for use with immigrant and native adolescents in Spain / Validação da Escala de Identidade étnica Multigrupo Revisada em adolescentes imigrantes e autóctones residentes na Espanha

En este estudio analizamos las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la adaptación al español de la Escala de Identidad étnica Multigrupo Revisada (Eiem-R). Participaron 1002 adolescentes residentes en España, la mitad inmigrantes de primera generación (67.7% nacidos en Latinoamérica, 13.6% en Europa del Este, 13.2% en áfrica, 3.6% en Asia y 2% en el resto de Europa, así como sus padres y madres) y la otra mitad autóctonos (nacidos en España, así como sus padres y madres). Los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios apoyan que la escala mide los dos componentes de la identidad étnica propuestos -exploración y compromiso- por los autores originales, y que estos se encuentran correlacionados. Los análisis también mostraron casi completos niveles de invarianza de esta estructura factorial al comparar entre sexos, etapas de adolescencia y autóctonos e inmigrantes.

This study examined the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure Revised (Meim-R). Participants for this study were 1002 adolescents living in Spain, half of them first-generation migrants (67.7% born in Latin America, 13.6% in Eastern Europe, 13.2% in Africa, 3.6% in Asia and 2% in the rest of Europe, as well as their parents). Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis supports that the scale measures the two dimensions of ethnic identity (exploration and commitment) proposed by the original authors, and that these dimensions are correlated. High Measurement Invariance levels of this structure are proved across gender, periods of adolescence and native and immigrant adolescents.

O presente estudo analisa as propriedades psicométricas e a estrutura de fatores da adaptação ao espanhol da Escala de Identidade étnica Multigrupo Revisada (Eiem-R). Participaram 1002 adolescentes que moram na Espanha, sendo a metade deles de imigrantes de primeira geração (67,7% nascidos na América Latina, 13,6% na Europa do Leste, 13,2% na áfrica, 3,6% na ásia e 2% no resto da Europa, assim como os seus pais e as suas mães) e a outra metade de autóctones (nascidos na Espanha, assim como os seus pais e suas mães). As análises fatoriais exploratórias e confirmatórias sustentam que a escala mede os dois componentes da identidade étnica (exploração e compromisso) que já foram propostos pelos autores originais, e que ambos estão correlacionados. Além disso, a análise também mostrou níveis quase completos dessa invariância fatorial ao comparar, entre os sexos, as etapas da adolescência e autóctones e imigrantes.

Method Effects and Gender Invariance of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale: A Study on Adolescents / Efectos de Método y Estabilidad entre Sexos de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg: Un Estudio en Adolescentes

Abstract: Rosenberg's self-esteem scale has been extensively used in all areas of psychology to assess global self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965, 1979). Its construct validity, and specifically its factor structure, has almost from the beginning been under debate. More than four decades after its creation the cumulated evidence points that the scale measures a single trait (self-esteem) but confounded by a method factor associated to negatively worded items. The aim of the study is to examine the measurement invariance of the RSES by gender and test potential gender differences at the latent (trait and method) variable level, while controlling for method effects, in a sample of Spanish students. A series of completely a priori structural models were specified, with a standard invariance routine implemented for male and female samples. The results lead to several conclusions. Conclusions: a) the scale seem gender invariant for both trait and method factors; b) there were small but significant differences between males and females in self-esteem, differences that favored male respondents; and c) there were statistically non-significant differences between men and women in the method factor's latent means.

Resumen: La Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (EAR) ha sido utilizada extensamente en todas las áreas de la Psicología para evaluar la autoestima (Rosenberg, 1965, 1979). Su validez de constructo, y particularmente su estructura factorial, ha estado en debate casi desde que fue construida. Más de cuatro décadas después de su creación, la evidencia acumulada señala que la escala evalúa un solo rasgo (autoestima), aunque se confunde con un método factorial asociado de manera negative con reactivos verbales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la estabilidad de la medición de la EAR entre sexos y poner a prueba potenciales diferencias entre los mismos en un nivel latente de la variable (rasgo y estado), controlando efectos de método, en una muestra de estudiantes españoles. Se especificaron una serie de modelos estructurales a priori, con rutinas implementadas de invarianza estándar para muestras de hombres y mujeres. Los resultados llevan a diferentes conclusiones: a) La escala parece ser invariable ante el sexo tanto para factores de rasgo como de estado; b) existieron diferencias pequeñas, pero significativas, entre hombres y mujeres en autoestima, favoreciendo ligeramente a los hombres; y, c) no existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres en las medias de la variable latente del factor.

Validation of Yoon's Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument

PURPOSE: The lack of reliable and valid evaluation tools targeting Korean nursing students' critical thinking (CT) abilities has been reported as one of the barriers to instructing and evaluating students in undergraduate programs. Yoon's Critical Thinking Disposition (YCTD) instrument was developed for Korean nursing students, but few studies have assessed its validity. This study aimed to validate the YCTD. Specifically, the YCTD was assessed to identify its cross-sectional and longitudinal measurement invariance. METHODS: This was a validation study in which a cross-sectional and longitudinal (prenursing and postnursing practicum) survey was used to validate the YCTD using 345 nursing students at three universities in Seoul, Korea. The participants' CT abilities were assessed using the YCTD before and after completing an established pediatric nursing practicum. The validity of the YCTD was estimated and then group invariance test using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the measurement compatibility of multigroups. RESULTS: A test of the seven-factor model showed that the YCTD demonstrated good construct validity. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis findings for the measurement invariance suggested that this model structure demonstrated strong invariance between groups (i.e., configural, factor loading, and intercept combined) but weak invariance within a group (i.e., configural and factor loading combined). CONCLUSIONS: In general, traditional methods for assessing instrument validity have been less than thorough. In this study, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis using cross-sectional and longitudinal measurement data allowed validation of the YCTD. This study concluded that the YCTD can be used for evaluating Korean nursing students' CT abilities.

Couples' joint decision-making: the construction and validation of a key proxy for understanding gender relations in contemporary families / /Tomada de decisão conjunta: construção e validação de uma proxy-chave para o estudo das relações de gênero de casais contemporâneos / /Decisiones conjuntas de las parejas: la construcción y validación de los elementos fundamentales para entender las relaciones de género en familias contemporáneas

Gender relations have become a key dimension in family studies, and understanding gender relations as both determining and resulting from outcome of new family configurations requires the use of specific surveys aimed at the dynamics of couples. Unfortunately, nationally representative surveys of this type are not available for Latin American countries. Nonetheless, the most recent versions of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) include a section called "Women's Status and Empowerment", which can provide information about gender relations as well. This study aims at assessing the construct of gender relations in terms of couples' joint decision-making for all five Brazilian geographical regions. To this end, a step-by-step multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was applied in order to verify whether this concept can be compared across Brazilian regions. Results show that the DHS items can be used reliably for measuring couples' joint decision-making and that this construct can be meaningfully compared over the regions. These findings will contribute to further demographic and sociological research on gender relations which can use this concept and other indicators provided by the DHS to identify the causal processes related to it...

Relações de gênero tornou-se um construto fundamental para os estudos da família. A compreensão das relações de gênero como determinante e resultado de novas configurações familiares requer a utilização de levantamentos específicos visando a dinâmica dos casais. Infelizmente, pesquisas nacionais representativas deste tipo não estão disponíveis para países latino-americanos. No entanto, dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde - PNDS 2006 incluem informações sobre tomadas de decisões, que podem servir de construto para mensuração da igualdade de gênero. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar se o construto relações de gênero, referindo-se à tomada de decisão conjunta pelos casais, pode ser extraído da PNDS 2006 e se o mesmo é comparável nas cinco regiões brasileiras. Para este fim, uma análise fatorial confirmatória para multigrupos (MGCFA) foi aplicada. Os resultados mostram que os itens da PNDS 2006 medem o mesmo conceito e podem ser significativamente comparados entre as regiões brasileiras. Estes resultados contribuirão para futuras investigações demográficas e sociológicas acerca das relações de gênero, que podem usar este conceito para identificar os processos causais relacionados ao mesmo...

Las relaciones de género se convirtieron en una dimensión fundamental de los estudios familiares. Su entendimiento como un factor determinante y resultante de nuevas configuraciones familiares exige encuestas específicas sobre la dinámica de las parejas. Desafortunadamente, encuestas nacionales representativas sobre el tema no se encuentran disponibles en los países latinoamericanos. Sin embargo, las últimas fases de las Encuestas de Demografía y Salud - Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) - incluyen una sección denominada 'Status y Empoderamiento de las Mujeres', que también puede suministrar informaciones sobre cuestiones de género. Este artículo tiene el propósito de evaluar la construcción de relaciones de género en lo concerniente a las decisiones conjuntas de la pareja en cinco regiones de Brasil. Para ello, se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio paso a paso entre múltiples grupos (MGCFA) para verificar si dicho concepto puede utilizarse para efectuar comparaciones entre las regiones brasileñas. Los resultados muestran que las DHS pueden ser utilizadas de forma confiable para medir las decisiones conjuntas de las parejas y que ello se puede comparar con otras regiones. Estos hallazgos contribuirán para investigaciones demográficas y sociológicas sobre relaciones de género que podrán utilizar este concepto y otros indicadores proporcionados por las DHS para identificar los procesos causales relacionados a ellos...